Compositions for inhibiting mobilization of calcium phosphate in animal tissue

ABSTRACT

Compositions for inhibiting the anomalous mobilization of calcium phosphates in animal tissue comprising an effective amount of certain phosphonate compounds as herein defined in combination with Vitamin D-like antirachitic compounds, and a method for treating or preventing conditions involving hard tissue demineralization in an animal comprising concurrently administering said phosphonates and Vitamin D-like antirachitic compounds to animals.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 858,302 filed Dec. 7, 1977, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,700, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 677,133 filed Apr. 15, 1976, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 582,573 filed June 2, 1975, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 361,354, filed May 17, 1973, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 260,939, filed June 8, 1972 now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions having therapeutic and prophylactic effects in disease conditions involving calcium phosphate metabolism. The invention further relates to a novel method for treating or preventing certain pathological conditions in animals.

A number of pathological conditions which can afflict warm-blooded animals are characterized by anomalous mobilization of calcium and phosphate leading to general or specific bone loss and/or excessively high calcium and phosphate levels in the fluids of the body. These conditions include osteoporosis, a disease process in which bone hard tissue is lost disproportionately to the development of new hard tissue. Osteoporosis can be subclassified as post-menopausal, senile, drug-induced (e.g., adrenocorticoid as can occur in steroid therapy), disease induced (e.g., arthritic and tumor), etc., however, the manifestations are essentially the same.

Another condition involving anomalous mobilization of calcium and phosphate is Paget's disease (osteitis deformans). In this disease, dissolution of normal bone occurs which is then replaced by soft, poorly mineralized tissue such that the bone becomes deformed from pressures of weight bearing, particularly in the tibia and femur.

Until recently, no satisfactory medical treatment for disease conditions involving anomalous mobilization of calcium phosphates has been provided, although dietary Vitamin D, calcium, fluorides, estrogens, and the hormone calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) have been suggested on tested for these conditions. More recently it has been discovered that certain phosphonate compounds as hereinafter more fully defined are effective in the treatment of such diseases. The following U.S. patents and applications, for example, are directed to the use of various phosphonates in the treatment of such disease conditions: Francis, U.S. Application Ser. No. 51,355, filed June 30, 1970; U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,080, granted Aug. 8, 1972; U.S. Pat. No. 3,678,164, granted July 18, 1972; U.S. Pat. No. 3,662,066, granted May 9, 1972; U.S. Pat. No. 3,553,314, granted Jan. 5, 1971; U.S. Pat. No. 3,553,315, granted Jan. 5, 1971; U.S. Pat. No. 3,584,124, granted June 8, 1971; U.S. Pat. No. 3,584,125, granted June 8, 1971; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,641,246, granted Feb. 8, 1972.

While the compositions and methods of the foregoing patents and applications constitute an effective treatment for disease conditions such as osteoporosis, higher dosages of these compositions can cause certain adverse physiological responses. For example, higher dosages of such compounds as disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate can give rise to mineralization defects, i.e., lack of mineralization in mature bone (increased osteoid seams) or inhibition of mineralization of the growth cartilage and/or inhibition of primary spongiosa resorption in the epiphyseal region of bone in rapidly growing animals.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been discovered that the therapeutic effectiveness of the phosphonate compounds can be enhanced to a degree that lower dosage levels can be used, thereby avoiding adverse responses, through the conjoint administration of Vitamin D-like antirachitic compounds (i.e., Vitamin D-active antirachitic compounds including Vitamin D and its precursors, analogs and metabolites) therewith. It is therefore an object of this invention to provide improved compositions and methods for treating disease conditions involving anomalous mobilization of calcium phosphate in animal tissue. It is a further object of this invention to provide improved compositions in dosage unit form containing active phosphonate compounds in combination with Vitamin D-active antirachitic compounds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In its composition aspect, the present invention is directed to a composition adapted to systemic administration to an animal comprising (1) an effective but non-toxic amount of a phosphonate selected from the group consisting of: ##STR1## wherein each R is hydrogen or CH₂ OH and n is an integer of from 3 to 10; ##STR2## wherein R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl containing from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl containing from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl), phenylethenyl, benzyl, halogen (e.g., chlorine, bromine and fluorine) hydroxyl, amine, substituted amino (e.g., dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-hydroxy-N-ethylamino, acetylamino), --CH₂ COOH, --CH₂ PO₃ H₂, CH(PO₃ N₂)(OH), or --(CH₂ C(PO₃ H₂)₂)_(n) -H wherein n is 1 to 15, R₂ is hydrogen, lower alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl), amine, benzyl, halogen (e.g., chlorine bromine, and fluorine), hydroxyl, --CH₂ COOH, --CH₂ PO₃ H₂, or --CH₂ CH₂ PO₃ H₂ ; ##STR3## wherein n is an integer of from 3 to 9; ##STR4## wherein each R₃ is hydrogen or lower alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl); ##STR5## wherein n is an integer of from 2 to 4; ##STR6## wherein X and Y are each hydrogen or hydroxy; ##STR7## and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of each of the foregoing acids, e.g., alkali metal (sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (calcium and magnesium), non-toxic heavy metal (stannous and indium) and ammonium and low molecular weight substituted ammonium (mono-, di- and triethanolamine) salts; and (2) from about 100 I.U. to about 50,000 I.U. of a Vitamin D-like antirachitic compound.

Operable phosphonates of the above formula (I) include propane-1,2,3-triphosphonic acid; butane-1,2,3,4-tetraphosphonic acid; hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaphosphonic acid; hexane-1-hydroxy-2,3,4,5,6-pentaphosphonic acid; hexane-1,6-dihydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetraphosphonic acid; pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaphosphonic acid; heptane-1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptaphosphonic acid; octane-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octaphosphonic acid, nonane-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-nonaphosphonic acid; decane-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-decaphosphonic acid; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these acids, e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, triethanolammonium, diethanolammonium, and monoethanolammonium salts.

Propane-1,2,3-triphosphonic acid and salts thereof can be prepared by a process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,743,688, filed July 3, 1973.

Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraphosphonic acid and salts thereof can be prepared by a process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,504, filed Aug. 28, 1973.

The higher aliphatic vicinal phosphonates and salts thereof can be prepared by the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,584,035 granted June 8, 1971.

Among the operable phosphonates encompassed by the above formula (II) are ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid; methanediphosphonic acid; methanehydroxydiphosphonic acid; ethane-1,1,2-triphosphonic acid; propane-1,1,3,3-tetraphosphonic acid; ethane-2-phenyl-1,1-diphosphonic acid; ethane-2-naphthyl-1,1-diphosphonic acid; methanephenyldiphosphonic acid; ethane-1-amino-1,1-diphosphonic acid; methanedichlorodiphosphonic acid; nonane-5,5-diphosphonic acid; n-pentane-1,1-diphosphonic acid; methanedifluorodiphosphonic acid; methanedibromodiphosphonic acid; propane-2,2-diphosphonic acid; ethane-2-carboxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid; propane-1-hydroxy-1,1,3-triphosphonic acid; ethane-2-hydroxy-1,1,2-triphosphonic acid; ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1,2-triphosphonic acid; propane-1,3-diphenyl-2,2-diphosphonic acid; nonane-1,1-diphosphonic acid; hexadecane-1,1-diphosphonic acid; pent-4-ene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid; octadec-9-ene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid; 3-phenyl-1,1-diphosphono-prop-2-ene; octane-1,1-diphosphonic acid; dodecane-1,1-diphosphonic acid; phenylaminomethanediphosphonic acid; naphthylaminomethane-disphosphonic acid; N,N-dimethylaminomethanediphosphonic acid; N-(2-dihydroxyethyl)-aminomethanediphosphonic acid; N-acetyl-aminomethanediphosphonic acid; aminomethanediphosphonic acid; dihydroxymethanediphosphonic acid; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these acids, e.g., sodium potassium, calcium, magnesium, stannous, indium, ammonium, triethanol-ammonium, diethanolammonium, and monoethanolammonium salts.

Mixtures of any of the foregoing phosphonic acids and/or salts can be used in the practice of this invention.

Ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid, an especially preferred phosphonate, has the molecular formula CH₃ C(OH)(PO₃ H₂)₂. (According to nomenclature by radicals, the acid might also be named 1-hydroxyethylidone diphosphonic acid.)

While any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid can be used in the practice of this invention, the disodium dihydrogen salt is preferred. The other sodium, potassium, ammonium, and mono-, di-, and triethanolammonium salts and mixtures thereof are also suitable, provided caution is observed in regulating the total intake of cation species in the salt composition. These compounds can be prepared by any suitable method, however, an especially preferred method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,400,149 granted Sept. 1, 1968.

Methanehydroxydiphosphonic acid and related compounds operable herein can be prepared, for example, by reaction of phosgene with an alkali metal dialkylphosphite. A complete description of these compounds and a method for preparing same is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,422,137 granted Jan. 14, 1969.

Methanedihydroxydiphosphonic acid and salts useful herein and a method for preparing same are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,497,313 granted Feb. 24, 1970.

Methanediphosphonic acid and related compounds useful herein are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,213,030, granted Oct. 19, 1965. A preferred method of preparing such compounds is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,907 granted May 17, 1966.

Ethane-1,1,2-triphosphonic acid and related compounds which can be used in the compositions of this invention, as well as a method for their preparation, are fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,551,339 granted Dec. 29, 1970.

Propane-1,1,3,3-tetraphosphonic acid and related compounds useful herein, and a method for preparing same are fully disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,400,176 granted Sept. 3, 1968. The higher methylene interrupted methylene phosphonate polymers can be prepared by the polymerization of ethylene-1,1-diphosphonic acid.

Pentane-2,2-diphosphonic acid and related compounds can be prepared in accordance with the method described by G. M. Kosolopoff in J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 75, 1500 (1953).

Operable phosphonates of formula (III) above include the following:

Methanecyclobutylhydroxydiphosphonic acid

Methanecyclopentylhydroxydiphosphonic acid

Methanecyclohexylhydroxydiphosphonic acid

Methanecycloheptylhydroxydiphosphonic acid

Methanecyclooctylhydroxydiphosphonic acid

Methanecyclononylhydroxydiphosphonic acid

Methanecyclodecylhydroxydiphosphonic acid

Each of the sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, stannous, indium, ammonium, monoethanolammonium, diethanolammonium and triethanolammonium salts of the above recited methanecycloalkylhydroxydiphosphonic acids as well as any other pharmaceutically acceptable salt of these acids, can be used in the practice of the present invention.

The phosphonates of formula (III) can be prepared by methods fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,584,125, granted June 8, 1971.

The preferred phosphonates of formula (IV) for the purpose of this invention are tris(phosphonomethyl)amine; tris(1-phosphonoethyl)amine; tris(2-phosphono-2-propyl)amine; and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Tris(phosphonomethyl)amine is especially preferred. The following are exemplary of compounds which can also be used.

(a) bis(phosphonomethyl)-1-phosphonoethyl amine;

(b) bis(phosphonomethyl)-2-phosphono-2-propyl amine;

(c) bis(1-phosphonoethyl)phosphonomethyl amine;

(d) bis(2-phosphono-2-propyl)phosphonomethyl amine;

(e) tris(1-phosphono-1-pentyl)amine;

(f) bis(phosphonomethyl)2-phosphono-2-hexyl amine; and

(g) the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of acids (a) through (f), e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, triethanolammonium, diethanolammonium, and monoethanolammonium salts.

Mixtures of any of the foregoing tris(phosphonoalkyl)amines and/or salts can also be used in the practice of this invention.

The tris(phosphonoalkyl)amines can be prepared, for example, by first preparing the corresponding ester in accordance with the general reaction: ##STR8## wherein R is alkyl and R₁ and R₂ are hydrogen or lower alkyl.

The free acids can be prepared by hydrolysis of the ester using strong mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid. The salts are, of course, prepared by neutralizing the acid with the base of the desired cation. The preparation of tris(phosphonoalkyl)amines is fully disclosed by Irani, et al., in Canadian Pat. No. 753,207, issued Feb. 21, 1967.

The phosphonates of formula (V) include the following:

(1) 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluoro-1,2-diphosphonocyclopent-1-ene;

(2) 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2-diphosphonocyclobut-1-ene; and

(3) 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-1,2-diphosphonocyclohex-1-one.

The perfluorodiphosphonocycloalkenes can be prepared, for example, by reacting trialkyl phosphites with 1,2-dichloroperfluorocycloalk-1-enes in accordance with the procedures fully described by Frank in J. Org. Chem., 31, #5, p. 1521.

The phosphonate of formula (VI) is referred to herein as cyclic tetraphosphonic acid. This compound and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared by any suitable method, however, an especially preferred method is disclosed by Oscar T. Ouimby, U.S. Pat. No. 3,387,024 granted June 4, 1968.

Operable phosphonates encompassed by the above formula (VII) are ethene-1,2-dicarboxy-1-phosphonic acid; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these acids, e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, stannous, indium, ammonium, triethanolammonium, diethanolammonium, and monoethanolammonium salts. While the above formula (VII) is representative of cis-isomers, the corresponding trans-isomers are also useful herein. Reference hereinafter to ethene-1,2-dicarboxy-1-phosphonic acid or salts thereof, unless otherwise specified, is intended as contemplating the cis- and trans-isomers and mixtures thereof.

Ethene-1,2-dicarboxy-1-phosphonic acid and related compounds useful herein can be prepared by reaction of an ester of acetylenedicarboxylic acid and a dialkyl phosphite followed by hydrolysis and saponification. This method is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,384,124, granted June 8, 1971.

Operable carboxyphosphonates of the above formula (VIII) include ethane-1,2-dicarboxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid; ethane-1,2-dicarboxy-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid; ethane-1,2-dicarboxy-1-hydroxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these acids, e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, triethanolammonium, diethanolammonium and monoethanolammonium salts.

Ethane-1,2-dicarboxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid, a preferred carboxyphosphonate herein, has the molecular formula CH(COOH) (PO₃ H₂)CH(COOH) (PO₃ H₂). The most conveniently crystallizable salts of this acid are obtained when three, four or five of the acid hydrogens are replaced by sodium.

While any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of ethane-1,2-dicarboxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid can be used in the practice of this invention, the tetrasodium dihydrogen salt, the trisodium trihydrogen salt, the disodium tetrahydrogen salt, the monosodium pentahydrogen salt, and the mixtures thereof are preferred. The other sodium, potassium, ammonium, and mono-, di-, and triethanolammonium salts and mixtures thereof are also suitable, provided caution is observed in regulating the total intake of cation species in the salt composition.

Ethane-1,2-dicarboxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid and suitable salts thereof can be prepared in any convenient manner. For example, the reaction described by Pudovik in "Soviet Research on Organo-Phosphorus Compounds", 1949-1956, Part III, 547-85c. can be used to prepare the ester of ethane-1,2-dicarboxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid which in turn can, by ordinary hydrolysis reactions, be converted to the free acid form. Neutralization by alkali compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, carbonates and the like can be used to prepare a desired salt of the acid. A more detailed description of the preparation of these compounds is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,562,166, granted Feb. 9, 1971.

Ethane-1,2-carboxy-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid and related compounds useful herein can be prepared by reaction of an ester of ethane-1,2-dicarboxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid and an alkali metal hypohalite followed by hydrolysis and saponification. This method is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,579,570, granted May 18, 1971.

Phosphonates of formula (IX) can be prepared by a rearrangement reaction of a 2-haloethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid with about three equivalents of sodium hydroxide as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,641,126.

The phosphonate of formula (X), ethylene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, can be prepared by the method of German Offen. No. 2,026,078.

Mixtures of any of the foregoing phosphonic acids and/or salts can be used in the practice of this invention.

The Vitamin D-like antirachitic compounds useful herein include activated ergosterol (Vitamin D₂ or calciferol), and activated 7-dehydrocholesterol (Vitamin D₃). These are available commercially or can be produced from their precursors (ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol, respectively) by the application of energy to the molecule. The energy may be supplied by ultraviolet light, high speed electrons and the like. Thus, these precursors are themselves Vitamin D-like antirachitic compounds and can be administered and subsequently converted, in vivo, by sunlight to the D Vitamins. While both Vitamins D₂ and D₃ are useful herein, Vitamin D₃ is preferred. These compounds and their properties are described in detail by H. R. Rosenberg, Chemistry and Physiology of the Vitamins, pp. 341-432 (1945).

In vivo, Vitamin D (i.e., Vitamins D₂ and D₃) is metabolized and a number of the metabolites thereof have been identified as the basis for the antirachitic activity associated with Vitamin D. The metabolites can, of course, be used in the practice of the present invention. Analogs of Vitamin D also exist and are similarly useful in the present invention. The Vitamin D-like antirachitic metabolites and analogs of Vitamin D include the following which are listed together with a reference disclosing how to synthesize or isolate them or a commercial source therefore and their activity in International Units (I.U.) per μg. The activity where indicated by an asterisk (*) is estimated.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                         Name            Source          Activity                                       ______________________________________                                         Vitamin D.sub.2 Widely Available                                                                               40                                             Vitamin D.sub.3 Widely Available                                                                               40                                             Dihydroxytachysterol.sub.2                                                                     Philips-Duphar  0.09                                                           (Netherlands)                                                  Dihydrotachysterol.sub.3                                                                       Philips-Duphar  0.16                                                           (Netherlands)                                                  25-hydroxydihydrotachy-                                                                        U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,888                                                                        0.80                                           sterol.sub.3                                                                   25-hydroxyergocalciferol                                                                       U.S. Pat. No. 3,585,221                                                                        60                                             25-hydroxycholecalciferol                                                                      Philips-Duphar  60                                                             (Netherlands)                                                  1α,25-dihydroxycholecalci-                                                               U.S. Pat. No. 3,697,559                                                                        20°                                     ferol                                                                          5,6-trans-cholecalciferol                                                                      Biochemistry, Vol. 11,                                                                         20°                                                     No. 14, pp. 2715-19                                            5,6-trans-25-hydroxychole-                                                                     Biochemistry, Vol. 11,                                                                         20°                                     calciferol      No. 14, pp. 2715-19                                            24-nor-25-hydroxychole-                                                                        Biochemistry, Vol. 11,                                                                         60°                                     calciferol      No. 14, pp. 2715-19                                            24-nor-5,6-trans-25-hydroxy-                                                                   Biochemistry, Vol. 11,                                                                         20-60°                                  cholecalciferol No. 14, pp. 2715-19                                            21,25-dihydroxycholecalci-                                                                     Biochemistry, Vol. 9,                                                                          10 -                                           ferol           No. 14, pp. 2917-22                                                                            orally                                                                         20 - i.v.                                      25,26-dihydroxycholecalci-                                                                     Biochemistry, Vol. 9,                                                                          <4                                             ferol           No. 24, pp.4776-80                                             24,25-dihydroxycholecalci-                                                                     U.S. Pat. No. 3,715,374                                                                        >10 -                                          ferol                           orally                                                                         20 - i.v.                                      1α-hydroxycholecalciferol                                                                Science, Vol. 180,                                                                             20°                                                     No. 4082, pp. 190-91                                           ______________________________________                                    

The International Unit is defined in terms of the biological activity produced, as described more fully in U.S. Pharmacopiea, 15th revision, Mick Publishing Co. (1955). Strictly speaking, the I.U. is a fully accepted unit only for Vitamin D per se. The activity of Vitamin D-like antirachitic compounds is frequently referred to in the art in terms of the I.U. and since this measure of biological activity is the most nearly appropriate determinint of the levels of the Vitamin D-like compounds for use in the present invention, it is so used herein. The amount of the Vitamin D-like antirachitic compounds employed in the method of this invention must be sufficient to provide about 100 I.U. to about 50,000 I.U. per day. The preferred antirachitic compounds for use in the present invention are Vitamin D₃ and 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol which are well suited for oral administration.

The therapeutic dosage of phosphonate will vary with the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition, and the duration of treatment; however, single dosages can range from 0.01 to 500 mg. per kilogram of body weight, preferably 0.1 to 50 mg./kg., with up to four dosages daily. The higher dosages within this range are, of course, required in the case of oral administration because of limited absorption. Repeated dosages greater than about 400 mg./kg. may produce toxic symptoms and should be avoided. Moreover, daily dosages greater than about 2000 mg./kg. (unless otherwise specified, the unit designated "mg./kg." as used herein refers to mg. of compound/kg. of body weight) are not required to produce the desired effect and may produce toxic side effects. Dosages of less than about 0.01 mg./kg. do not materially affect pathological demineralization, even administered intravenously. Table II below sets forth preferred dosages for various conditions which can be treated in accordance with this invention.

                  TABLE II                                                         ______________________________________                                                          Therapeutic                                                                    Oral Dosage                                                                    (mg./kg.)                                                                      Up to Four                                                    Condition        Times/Day                                                     ______________________________________                                         Osteoporosis     0.25-25                                                       (post-menopausal)*                                                             Osteoporosis     0.25-25                                                       (senile, et. al.)                                                              Paget's Disease    1-50                                                        ______________________________________                                          *A larger initial dosage may be required, e.g., up to 500 mg./kg. followe      by the specified dosage level.                                           

The phosphonates can also be administered parenterally in aqueous solution by subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intravenous injection. The preferred single dosage ranges by those modes of administration are as follows.

    ______________________________________                                                          Therapeutic Dosage                                            ______________________________________                                         Subcutaneous       0.1-10 mg./kg.                                              Intradermal        0.1-10 mg./kg.                                              Intramuscular       .05-5 mg./kg.                                              Intravenous         0.5-5 mg./kg.                                              Intraperitoneal     0.5-5 mg./kg.                                              ______________________________________                                    

For purposes of oral administration (the preferred mode) the phosphonates can be in elixer form or formulated in unit dosage form, i.e., in the form of capsules, tablets or pills, together with the Vitamin D-like antirachitic compounds (especially Vitamin D₃) and a pharmaceutical carrier. each unit dosage form contaning from 5 mg. to 10 g. of phosphonate and from about 100 to about 50,000 units of the antirachitic compound. The preferred concentration range of phosphonate in unit dosage forms intended for use by humans and smaller domesticated animals is from 10 mg. to 1000 mg., more preferably 50 mg. to 500 mg. and the preferred range of the antirachitic compounds is from 500 to about 50,000 International Units.

Representative compositions of the present invention are presented in the following examples.

EXAMPLE I

Capsules are prepared by conventional methods, comprised as folows:

    ______________________________________                                                         mg per                                                         Ingredient      capsule                                                        ______________________________________                                         Disodium ethane-1-                                                             hydroxy-1,1-                                                                   diphosphonate   350.00                                                         Vitamin D.sub.3 2000 I.U.                                                      Starch          55.60                                                          Sodium lauryl sulfate                                                                          2.90                                                           ______________________________________                                    

The above capsules administered orally twice daily substantially reduces bone decalcification in a patient weighing approximately 70 kilograms afflicted with osteoporosis. Similar results are attained when methanediphosphonic acid, methanedichlorodiphosphonic acid, methanehydroxydiphosphonic acid, ethane-1-amino-1,1-diphosphonic acid, phenylaminomethanediphosphonic acid, N,N-dimethylaminomethanediphosphonic acid, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-aminomethanediphosphosphonic acid, N-acotylaminomethanediphosphonic acid, aminomethanediphosphonic acid, propane-1,2,3-triphosphonic acid, hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaphosphonic acid, and pent-4-ene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid, respectively, are employed in the above described capsule in place of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate. Comparable results are secured when the Vitamin D₂ is used in place of Vitamin D₃ in the above capsules in that no mineralization defects are observed.

EXAMPLE II

Tablets are prepared by conventional methods, formulated as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                            mg per                                                      Ingredient         tablet                                                      ______________________________________                                         Methanediphosphonic acid                                                                          125.00                                                      Vitamin D.sub.2    750 I.U.                                                    Lactose            40.00                                                       Starch             2.50                                                        Magnesium stearate 1.00                                                        ______________________________________                                    

When administered orally four times daily, the above composition significantly reduces bone loss in a patient weighing approximately 50 kilograms suffering from Paget's disease.

Similar results are achieved with tablets formulated as above but replacing methanediphosphonic acid with the disodium salt of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid, the trisodium salt of methanediphosphonic acid, the disodium salt of methanehydroxydiphosphonic acid, aminomethanediphosphonic acid, the monocalcium salt of methanedichlorodiphosphoric acid, naphthylaminomethanediphosphonic acid, propane-1,2,3-triphosphonic acid; the pentasodium salt of butane-1,2,3,4-tetraphosphonic acid, the monoindium salt of octadec-9-ene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphoric acid, the monostannous salt of hexadecane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, and propane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, respectively.

The lactose employed in this example is replaced by sucrose and the magnesium stearate by sodium carboxymethylcellulose without affecting the desired properties of the tablet.

Additional tablet compositions are prepared in accordance with the invention as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                   Ex.                                                                            Mg per Tablet                                                        Ingredient  III    IV     V    VI   VII  VIII IX                               ______________________________________                                         Cyclohexyl- 80.0                                                               hydroxymethane-                                                                disphosphonic acid                                                             Tris(phosphono-    100.0                                                       methyl)amine                                                                   3,3,4,4,5,5-hexa-         120.0                                                fluoro-1,2-diphos-                                                             phonocyclopent-                                                                1-ene                                                                          Cyclic tetraphos-              50.0                                            phonic acid                                                                    Ethene-1,2-dicar-                   85.0      40.0                             boxy-1-phosphonic                                                              acid                                                                           Ethane-1,2-dicar-                        30.0 15.0                             boxy-1,2-diphos-                                                               phonic acid                                                                    Vitamin D.sub.3                                                                            750    1000   5000 500  2000 3000 3000                             (International                                                                 Units)                                                                         Lactose     97.0   31.0   31.0 73.0 97.0 30.0 97.0                             Starch      45.0   13.0   13.0 57.0 45.0      45.0                             Stearic acid                   6.0            6.0                              Talc        35.5   6.5    6.5  9.0  35.0 5.0  9.0                              Calcium stearate   1.0    1.0            1.0                                   Ethyl cellulose    16.0   16.0           15.0                                  ______________________________________                                    

Each of the above tablets are used in the treatment of a 90 kg. patient suffering from idiopathic osteoporosis. Bone loss is substantially reduced and no adverse symptoms are observed when these tablets are administered in a number sufficient to provide a daily dosage of phosphonate of approximately 450 mg.

EXAMPLES X TO XXVI

Tablets are formulated as in Example VIII except that disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate replaces the ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid and 3000 International Units of the following Vitamin D-like antirachitic compounds are used:

    ______________________________________                                         EXAMPLE  COMPOUND                                                              ______________________________________                                         X        Vitamin D.sub.2                                                       XI       Vitamin D.sub.3                                                       XII      Dihydroxytachysterol.sub.2                                            XIII     Dihydrotachysterol.sub.3                                              XIV      25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol.sub.3                                    XV       25-hydroxyergocalciferol                                              XVI      25-hydroxycholecalciferol                                             XVII     1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol                                  XVIII    5,6-trans-cholecalciferol                                             XIX      5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholeclaciferol                                   XX       24-nor-25-hydroxycholecalciferol                                      XXI      24-nor-5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol                            XXII     21,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol                                        XXIII    25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol                                        XXIV     24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol                                        XXV      1α-hydroxycholecalciferol                                       XXVI     Vitamin D.sub.3 (1500 units) and 1α-hydroxychole-                        calciferol (1500 units)                                               ______________________________________                                    

The above tablets are administered to a 70 Kg. patient suffering from Pagets disease in a number sufficient to provide a daily dosage of about 500 mg. of phosphonate. Bone loss is substantially reduced and no adverse symptoms are observed.

Similar results are obtained when the above tablets are administered to a 70 Kg. patient suffering from osteoporosis in a number sufficient to provide a daily dosage of about 250 mg. of phosphonate. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition in dosage unit from comprising from about 5 mg. to 10 g. of a phosphonate selected from the group consisting of: ##STR9## wherein each R is hydrogen or CH₂ OH and n is an integer of from 3 to 10; ##STR10## wherein R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl containing from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl containing from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, phenylethenyl, benzyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, --CH₂ COOH, --CH₂ PO₃ H₂, CH(PO₃ H₂)(OH), or --[CH₂ C(PO₃ H₂)₂ ]_(n) --H wherein n is 1 to 15, R₂ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, amino, benzyl, halogen, hydroxyl, --CH₂ COOH, --CH₂ PO₃ H₂, or --CH₂ CH₂ PO₃ H₂ ; ##STR11## wherein n is an integer of from 3 to 9; ##STR12## wherein each R₃ is hydrogen or lower alkyl; ##STR13## wherein n is an integer of from 2 to 4; ##STR14## wherein X and Y are each hydrogen or hydroxy; ##STR15## and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and (2) a Vitamin D-active antirachitic compound or mixtures thereof having an activity of from about 100 I.U. to about 50,000 I.U.
 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the phosphonate is ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the phosphonate is dichloromethanediphosphonic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the phosphonate is tris(phosphonomethyl)amino or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the phosphonate is methanecyclohexylhydroxydiphosphonic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the phosphonate is 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluoro-1,2-diphosphonocyclopent-1-ene or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the phosphonate is cyclic tetraphosphonic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the phosphonate is ethene-1,2-dicarboxy-1-phosphonic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the phosphonate is ethane-1,2-dicarboxy-1,2-diphosphonic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the Vitamin D-active antirachitic compound is selected from the group consisting of Vitamin D₂ ; Vitamin D₃ ; dihydroxytachysterol₂ ; dihydrotachysterol₃ ; 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol₃ ; 25-hydroxyergocalciferol; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; 5,6-trans-cholecalciferol; 5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol; 24-nor-25-hydroxycholecalciferol; 24-nor-5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol; 21,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; 25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol; 24,25-dihydroxycholocalciferol; 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol; and mixtures thereof.
 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the antirachitic compound is Vitamin D₃.
 12. The composition of claim 2 wherein the antirachitic compound is Vitamin D₃.
 13. The composition of claim 3 wherein the antirachitic compound is Vitamin D₃.
 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein the antirachitic compound is 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol.
 15. The composition of claim 2 wherein the antirachitic compound is 1α-hydroxycholecalciforol.
 16. The composition of claim 3 wherein the antirachitic compound is 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol.
 17. The composition of claim 4 wherein the antirachitic compound is 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol. 